Histopathology

Histopathology is the branch of pathology that involves the microscopic examination of tissues to study the manifestations of disease. It plays a crucial role in medical diagnosis, particularly in identifying abnormalities such as cancer, inflammatory conditions, infections, and degenerative diseases. Tissue samples are typically obtained through biopsy or surgical procedures, then processed, sectioned, and stained—most commonly using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)—to highlight cellular structures for examination under a microscope.

List Of Tests

Biopsy Analysis

Type: Skin biopsy, liver biopsy, kidney biopsy, prostate biopsy, GI tract biopsy, etc.

Purpose: Diagnosis of malignancies, inflammatory conditions, infections, and tissue damage.

Surgical Specimen Examination

Type: Tumors removed during surgery (e.g., mastectomy, colectomy).

Purpose: Determine tumor type, grade, stage, and margins of excision.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Type: Uses antibodies to detect specific antigens in tissues.

Purpose: Classifying cancers (e.g., breast cancer: ER, PR, HER2), lymphomas, melanomas.

Frozen Section

Type: Rapid intraoperative diagnosis.

Purpose: during surgery to guide immediate decisions.

Special Stains (e.g., PAS, Ziehl-Neelsen, Silver stain)

Type: Identify specific organisms or tissue components (fungi, TB, amyloid).

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